European diesel fuels adhere to the EN 590 standard, defining quality specifications voluntarily followed by all European fuel suppliers. Since the late 1990s, properties like cetane number, sulfur content, and FAME biodiesel content have been regulated for environmental reasons.
ULSD is diesel fuel with significantly reduced sulfur content, widely available in the UK, Europe, and North America since 2006. The exact specifications vary with evolving government mandates for cleaner fuels. Lower sulfur content allows for newer emissions control technologies, reducing diesel engine particulate emissions. This transition began in the EU and now extends to North America.
ULSD, due to its sulfur removal process, has slightly lower energy content (1 to 2%) leading to marginally reduced fuel economy and increased production costs.
Gas oil, a type of distillate home heating oil, is similar to diesel fuel used in trucks and some cars. It comes from the light gas oil cut, initially used in the late 19th and early 20th centuries for enriching carburetted water gas manufacture.
Fuel oil, known as heavy oil, marine fuel, or furnace oil, is a fraction obtained from petroleum distillation. It encompasses any liquid fuel burned for heat generation in furnaces, boilers, or engines. Fuel oil contains long hydrocarbon chains such as alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatics.
This type of oil is heavier than gasoline and naphtha and is derived from the less volatile components of crude oil. Bunker oil, a subset of fuel oil, is among the densest products of oil distillation.
Jet fuel or aviation turbine fuel (ATF) is designed for gas-turbine engine-powered aircraft. Common variants include Jet A, Jet A-1, and Jet B, produced to international standards.
Jet fuel is a mixture of various hydrocarbons with carbon numbers ranging between 5 and 16. This composition meets strict requirements such as freezing and smoke points, ensuring optimal performance for aircraft engines.
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